Key2

KEY 2

BLADES SIMPLE, NON-CORDATE, EITHER OBLONG OR OVATE; SUBCORDATE TO CORDULATE AT BASE.

1a. Plants vines or at least with internodes much longer than broad. If not

VINES OR SCANDENT: INTERNODES MUCH LONGER THAN BROAD; BLADES OVATE

2a. Blades more or less ovate, less than 2 times longer than wide. If more
3a. Blades with primary lateral veins either 2 or fewer or with the primary lateral veins inconspicuous, scarcely more distinct than the minor veins.
4a. Blades more than 12 cm wide; peduncles more than 14 cm long; Costa Rica, 50-400 m. P. microstictum Standl. & L.O.Williams

4b. Blades less than 10 cm wide; peduncles less than 7 cm long.

5a. Internodes less than 6.5 cm long; blades less than 1.4 times longer than wide, drying greenish, lacking primary lateral veins; Panama, Cerro Brewster, 850 m.P. brewsteriense Croat

5b. Internodes more than 15 cm long; blades ca. 2 times longer than wide, drying brown, with up to 2 obscure primary lateral veins; Costa Rica, Río Chirripó del Pacífico, San José Prov., 1,000 m.
P. chirripoense Croat & Grayum

3b. Blades with the primary lateral veins more than 2 and each much more prominent than the minor veins.

6. Blades ovate to broadly ovate, mostly less than 1.7 times longer than wide. 7a. Stems, petioles and inflorescences densely scaly (petiolar scales slender & spreading); major veins on lower surface densely puberulent; Panama to Ecuador, 0-1,300 m.
P. squamipetiolatum Croat

7b. Stems, petioles and inflorescences glabrous; major veins on lower surface glabrous; Panama (Coclé, Veraguas), 770-1,200 m.
P. ligulatum var. ovatum Croat

6b. Blades narrowly ovate to oblong-elliptic, usually more than 2 times longer than wide.

8. Blades less than 12 cm wide; posterior lobes about as long as broad; Panama to Colombia, 0-140 m.
P. immixtum Schott 8. Blades usually more than 12 cm wide; posterior lobes much broader than long; Costa Rica to Panama, 670-1,800 m.
P. lentii Croat & Grayum 2b. Blades more or less oblong to oblong-elliptic (rarely narrowly ovate) or oblanceolate, usually more than 2.5 times longer than wide. VINES WITH +/- OBLONG BLADES

9a. Blades lacking distinct primary veins at base of blade; primary lateral veins very obscure or lacking.

10a. Blades drying gray-green; primary lateral veins not at all apparent; Panama (San Blas), near sea level.
P. ubigantupense Croat
10b. Blades drying reddish brown or blackened; primary lateral veins 3-6, obscure but still visible.
11a. Blades drying blackened, usually more than 25 cm long; spathe green tinged dull red within; Panama (Bocas del Toro and Chiriquí), 780-1,400 m.
P. correae Croat
11b. Blades drying reddish brown, usually less than 25 cm long; spathe dark maroon or red within; Costa Rica (100-900 m) to Panama, 900-1,420 m.
P. bakeri Croat & Grayum

9b. Blades with one or more distinct primary veins at base of blade; primary lateral veins distinct.

12a. Petioles encircled with a dark purplish (or dark green) ring at apex separating the petiole and the blade.
13a. Blades with posterior lobes usually narrowly rounded and somewhat spreading or broader than long, rarely and about as long as broad; inflorescences 1-3 per axil; Panama, 100-970 m.
P. annulatum Croat
13b. Blades with posterior lobes about as broad as long and held closely near the petiole; inflorescence usually solitary, (sometimes 2 in P. immixtum).
14a. Blades drying typically greenish to greenish brown; spathe tube red to violet-purple within at base; Panama to Colombia, 0-140 m.
P. immixtum Schott

14b. Blades drying typically blackened; spathe tube white within, tinged violet-purple near the base; Nicaragua to Colombia, 0-1,200 m.
P. ligulatum Schott, var. ligulatum

12a. Petioles lacking a dark purple ring at the apex.

15a. Blades less than 10 cm wide; stem minutely pale granular-puberulent at high magnification; pistil with a funnel-shaped stigma (type E); ovules 1 per locule; Panama (Darién), 75 m.
P. granulare Croat
15b. Blades usually more than 15 cm wide (rarely to as little as 10 cm wide in P. heleniae); stems smooth to irregularly ridged or folded at high magnification (sometimes minutely warty but not pale granular-puberulent); pistil with a flat style apex (type B); ovules 3 or more per locule.
16a. Blades drying coriaceous, lacking secretory ducts; inflorescences greenish white to white outside, more than 12 cm long; Costa Rica to Panama, 670-1,800 m.
P. lentii Croat & Grayum
16b. Blades drying subcoriaceous, with conspicuous secretory ducts; inflorescences red, mostly less than 10 cm long; Panama and Ecuador, mostly 100-1,040 m.
P. heleniae Croat

1b. Plants appressed-climbing or sometimes terrestrial but with the internodes typically broader than long or only slightly longer than broad.
OBLONG NON-VINING PLANTS

17a. Cataphylls deciduous. If persistent

18b. Blades usually prominently lobed at base, the lobes typically longer than broad or at least usually spreading away from the petiole.
19a. Blades thin-drying; sinus arcuate with blade tissue somewhat decurrent on petiole; petiole drying 2-4 mm diam.; Panama, east of Canal Area, 450-850 m.
P. morii Croat

19b. Blades thick-drying; sinus oblong to parabolic or arcuate but with blade tissue not at all decurrent onto petiole; Panama, 100-970 m.
P. annulatum Croat

18b. Blades not lobed at base or merely cordulate with posterior lobes round, as broad as long, held closely against the petioles.

20a. Largest leaf blades more than 50 cm long.

21a. Blades usually more than 30 cm wide; petioles usually about 85% the length of the blades or even longer than the blades; Costa Rica and Panama, 0-200 m.
P. davidsonii Croat

21b. Blades less than 30 cm wide; petioles typically much shorter than the blade.

22a. Blades drying reddish brown, 4.4-4.9 times longer than wide; petioles lacking a purple ring at the apex; Panama, 325-650 m.
P. dolichophyllum Croat

22b. Blades drying dark gray-green to blackened, usually less than 4.3 times longer than wide; petiole with a purple or green ring at the apex.

23a. Petioles obtusely flattened adaxially, not at all winged marginally; Panama and Colombia, 20-1,400 m.
P. pseudoauriculatum Croat

23b. Petioles sharply D-shaped with slender wings on the adaxial margins; Panama, Darién, 50-200 m.
P. ligulatum var. heraclioanum Croat

20b. Largest leaf blades usually less than 50 cm long. 24a. Blades usually drying green to yellowish green, thin. 25a. Blades oblong-lanceolate, less than 7 cm wide, obtuse to almost rounded and attenuate at base; Panama (Coclé), 700-800 m.
P. folsomii Croat 25b. Blades ovate-triangular, 11-16 cm wide, subcordate at base; eastern Panama, 450-850 m.
P. morii Croat

24b. Blades drying yellow-brown or brownish, gray-brown to reddish brown, moderately coriaceous.

26a. Inflorescences 2-10 per axil; peduncle less than 6 cm long; spathe reddish maroon outside and on tube within; leaf blades with conspicuous secretory ducts visible on the lower dried surface; Panama to Colombia and Ecuador, 100-1,040 m.
P. heleniae Croat 26b. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle ca. 9 cm long; spathe green outside, white within; leaf blades lacking any sign of secretory ducts; Panama (Colón), ca. 200 m.
P. utleyarum Croat

17b. Cataphylls persistent.

27a. Cataphylls persistent as fibers, sometimes with entire fragments interspersed. 28a. Plants usually terrestrial and rosulate; petioles thicker than broad; blades usually elliptic to oblong-elliptic, acute to narrowly rounded at base; Panama to Colombia, 400-1,100 m.
P. roseospathum Croat

28b. Plants epiphytic to hemiepiphytic, not rosulate; petioles as thick as broad; blades linear to oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, sometimes weakly cordate to cordulate at base.

29a. Blades linear to oblanceolate; primary lateral veins arising at 25-45E angle; cross veins not visible; sap chalky white; Costa Rica to Panama, 0-900 m.
P. cretosum Croat & Grayum

29b. Blades oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, obtuse to subcordate at base; primary lateral veins arising at 60-75E angle; cross-veins very conspicuous on drying; sap not colored, or if so not white; Costa Rica to Colombia, 0-1,200 m.
P. scalarinerve Croat & Grayum

30a. Blades usually broadest above the middle, acute, obtuse, narrowly rounded to merely minutely cordulate at base. 31a. Petioles sharply flattened adaxially; blades acute to narrowly rounded (never cordulate) at base, mostly more than 2.5 times longer than petioles; Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama, Atlantic slope; 0-1,250 m.
P. wendlandii Schott

31b. Petioles subterete; blades narrowly cordulate at base, less than 1.8 times longer than petioles; southwestern Costa Rica, Pacific lowlands, 0-1,200 m.
P. auriculatum Standl. & L.O. Williams

30b. Blades broadest below the middle, cordate to subcordate at base (acute to truncate in P. davidsonii var. bocatoranum).
32a. Blades ovate to broadly ovate, less than 60 cm long, drying dark brown; primary lateral veins 5-9 per side; petioles terete; Panama, (Darién), ca. 1,500 m.
P. niqueanum Croat 32a. Blades ovate-oblong, usually more than 60 cm long, drying light brown; primary lateral veins 18-21 per side; petioles thicker than broad and broadly sulcate adaxially; Costa Rica to Panama, 0-200 m.
P. davidsonii Croat